NANOTECHNOLOGY ( Molecular or NANO- Manufacturing)

NANOTECHNOLOGY ( Molecular or NANO- Manufacturing) Free Online Research Papers The idea of molecular manufacturing is based on the concept of scaling which is hence required to be deeply studied the various concepts for nano based manufacturing have been developed or proposed as a hypothesis. The main concepts with which we deal in this paper are the basic concept of nanotechnology and further the idea of making a basic nano factory, the problem faced due to scaling and various methods and assumptions that can lead to the formation of a feasible nano factory. The performance of advanced products, and some likely applications, are discussed. Finally, considerations and recommendations for a targeted development program are presented. Introduction :- What is Nanotechnology? Technology as said is something which is primarily an application of scientific knowledge for carrying out the production of a product profitably and economically. And as an important upcoming issues which is coming up is the environment factor so it should also meet and taken into consideration. Nanotechnology as said is the technology that deals with nanoscale (1nm-10-9m) its quite obvious that we are here talking about thing or specifically tools and machinery and production at atomic and molecular level. Although the literature of nanotechnology may refer to nanoscale machines, even self-replicating machines built at the atomic level , it is admitted that an assembler breakthrough will be required for this to happen. As a matter of fact a nano scale machine rarely exist. The major problem with the nano scale handling is the laws of classical physics cant be directly applied and the physical behaviour at the nanometer scale is predicted accurately by quantum mechanics, represented by Schrodingers equation. Schrodingers equation provides a quantitative understanding of the structure and properties of atoms Scaling:- Scaling tends to the most important topic amongst the various topic of concern in the field of nanotechnology. As the entire concept of nano production relies on the idea of scaling it is of great intrest. As its known that the when we are talking about nano scales atoms and molecules are to be talking into consideration and for information purpose the size of an atom is about (0.1nm) therefore to work in that scale it requires great precision and accuracy in addition to this a very important factor that is present there is the change in physical properties like resonant frequency. 1 mm 10 nm :- classical scaling Plenty of room at the bottom Think of reducing the scale of working devices and machines from lmm to lnm, six orders of magnitude! Over most of this scaling range, perhaps the first five orders of magnitude, down to 10 nm (100 Angstroms), the laws of classical Newtonian physics may well suffice to describe changes in behaviour. This classical range of scaling is so large, and the changes in magnitudes of important physical properties, such as resonant frequencies, are so great, that completely different applications may appear. lecture by Richard Feynman A suitable example to understand the problem of scaling Strength and mass are completely different kinds of thing, and cant be directly compared. But they both affect the performance of systems, and they both scale in predictable ways. Scaling laws can compare the relative performance of systems at different scales, and the technique works for any systems with the relevant properties- the strength of a steel cable scales the same as a muscle. Any property that can be summarized by a scaling factor, like weight ~ L^3, can be used in this kind of calculation. And most importantly, properties can be combined: just as strength and weight are components of a useful strength-per-weight measure, other quantities like power and volume can be combined to form useful measures like power density. An insect can move its legs back and forth far faster than an elephant. The speed of a leg while its moving may be about the same in each animal, but the distance it has to travel is a lot less in the flea. So frequency of operation ~ L^-1. A machine in a factory might join or cut ten things per second. The fastest biochemical enzymes can perform about a million chemical operations per second. Power density is a very important aspect of machine performance. A basic law of physics says that power is the same as force times speed. And in these terms, force is basically the same as strength. Remember that strength ~ L^2. And were assuming speed is constant. So power ~ L^2: something 10 times as big will have 100 times as much power. But volume ~ L^3, so power per volume or power density ~ L^-1. Suppose an engine 10 cm on a side produces 1,000 watts of power. Then an engine 1 cm on a side should produce 10 watts of power: 1/100 of the ten-times-larger engine. Then 1,000 1-cm engines would take the same volume as one 10-cm engine, but produce 10,000 watts. So according to scaling laws, by building 1,000 times as many parts, and making each part 10 times smaller, you can get 10 times as much power out of the same mass and volume of material. This makes sense- remember that frequency of operation increases as size decreases, so the miniature engines would run at ten times the RPM . Chris Phoenix, CRN Director of Research Posted on August 03, 2004 in Science Technology MOORE’S LAW *The empirical observation that the transistor density of integrated circuits doubles every 2 year Introduction to Molecular manufacturing (NANOFACTORIES):.- The whole concept of molecular manufacturing revolves around the idea of making more precies (Atomic level of precision) products which are more reliable for the purpose of molecular based manufacturing a system of tools and techniques has to be designed to carry out the task. Molecular Manufacturing has basically classified in 3 divisions:- 1. MAIN TYPE OF MOLECULAR MANUFACTURING 2. EXPONENTIAL BASED MANUFACTURING 3. COMBINED OR INTEGRATED TYPE OF MANUFACTURING The basic type or the main type of manufacturing : In this sort of manufacturing process its like individually and digitally controlling each and every part of the product being constructed . To date, many nanotechnology efforts have been content to achieve nanoscale- but not atomic- precision, or to build large quantities of small identical molecules. However, there are some technologies that are on the verge of achieving the goal. Liao and Seeman have built a nanomachine out of DNA2 that can guide the construction of any of several different strands of DNA; the product sequence can be chosen by â€Å"programming† the machine with other DNA strands. This is a demonstration of programmable molecular fabrication. A planned extension to the machine would allow it to build longer and more interesting strands. Although this machine does not select from among multiple sites for the reaction, it does select from among multiple potential reactants, and its product has a precise and programmable molecular structure. Aono3 developed the ability to transport individual silicon atoms from one place to another in a covalent crystal, and was even able to automate this to make two dimensional patterns. Several other researchers have also used electricity (fields and/or currents) with scanning probe microscopes to implement reactions at sites chosen with atomic precision. Hersam4 has removed single selected hydrogen ato ms from silicon at room temperature. Oyabu5 has removed and replaced single silicon atoms with purely mechanical force, but has not yet reported the ability to build multi-atom patterns. 2 Liao S, Seeman NC. (2004). â€Å"Translation of DNA signals into polymer assembly instructions.† Science 306(5704):2072-4 3 See the groups website at jst.go.jp/erato/project/agsh_P/agsh_P.html 4 R. Basu, N. P. Guisinger, M. E. Greene, and M. C. Hersam, â€Å"Room temperature nanofabrication of atomically registered heteromolecular organosilicon nanostructures using multistep feedback controlled lithography,† Appl. Phys. Lett., 85, 2619 (2004). See northwestern.edu/univrelations/ media_relations/releases/2004/09/molecular.html 5 Noriaki Oyabu, Óscar Custance, Insook Yi, Yasuhiro Sugawara, and Seizo Morita. (2003). â€Å"Mechanical vertical manipulation of selected single atoms by soft nanoindentation using a near contact atomic force microscope† Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 176102. See http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v90/e176102 and http://focus.aps.org/story/v11/st19 The speed with which a molecular manufacturing tool can create its own mass of product may be called â€Å"relative productivity.† .These types of manufacturing processes are carried out using scanning probe microsopes and electron microscopes and as it can be well calculated that if it takes 1sec to carry out one operation then which can be a deposition of a carbon atom therefore it would take a approx. 6 billion yrs to fabricate its own mass. Therefore this idea of indiviusal based manufacturing is not feasible as it lacks by the time factorand as a concept we take in the idea of Information delivery:- The scaling of operation speed indicates that to embody information in the manufactured product via rapid physical manipulation, it will be necessary to use small actuators. Inkjet printers represent a step in this direction; their print head actuators are a few microns in size, and they can deliver megabytes per second. Furthermore, an inkjet printer can print its weight in ink in about a day. IBMs Millipede, a MEMS-based highly parallel scanning probe microscope array, can modify a substrate rapidly enough to be a serious candidate for computer data storage. Both of these technologies produce only two-dimensional â€Å"product,† but inkjet technology has been adapted to form three dimensional products, and scanning probe arrays have been used for dip-pen nanolithography (DPN). Nanoscale actuators, being smaller, will be able to operate faster and handle higher data rates. As information is required at a very high speed to compensate with the manufacturing process the concept of small embedded computers can also be applied to feed these nanofactories Exponential manufacturing:- In this process nano modules are implemented to carry out the construction of the final product. As its well known from the stated concept of scaling that the frequency of any operation increases when its shrunk down to a smaller level therefore for attaining high speed production of molecular manufacturing. Hences a small nano-factory established to manufacture parts of the product can be assumed and as faster solution. The goal of building functional manufacturing systems implies that the newly built systems must be controllable. Many types of control can be broadcast, including chemicals, photons, pressure, and electric or magnetic fields. Electric current is harder to broadcast, but systems too small to be contacted via micromanipulation could self assemble to electrodes. Electrical control may ultimately be the fastest and most flexible approach. The various techniques developed for carrying out this type of manufacturing are;- Polymer technique:- This techniques basically involves the making of patterns by folding strands of RNA and DNA accordingly into desired shapes Polymer chemistry is known to be quite versatile, and it should be possible to incorporate molecular actuators to select the polymer sequence; this would be faster and probably more reliable than using DNA strands to program the device. Molecular actuators can be controlled and powered by light, electricity, or changes in the composition of the solution.7 Bulk controlled polymerization techniques, such as DNA synthesis, often use two repeated steps: first they make the end of the polymer reactive by â€Å"deprotecting† it, then add a monomer that is protected from further deposition. Nanoscale controlled polymerization could control either the timing of the deprotection step or the monomer selection for the polymerization step. Or the system could protect the addition site by steric hindrance. Alternatively, it could use a polymerization reaction that is exothermic but has a high barrier, and accelerate the desired reaction- possibly by many orders of magnitude8- by holding the monomer in place. The ratio of reaction rates of confined and unconfined monomers will approximate the error rate 7 â€Å"Depending on the type of rotaxane setup, the stimuli can be chemical, electrochemical, or photochemical.† C. Mavroidis, A. Dubey, and M.L. Yarmush. (2004). Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2004. 6:10.1–10.33. bionano.neu.edu/AR220-BE06-10_001-033_.pdf 8 Creighton, T. E. (1984) Proteins. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. Creighton lists one intramolecular reaction with an effective concentration of 3.3109. See discussion in Nanosystems 8.3.3a. (Drexler, 1992, Nanosystems, Wiley) Solid built in solution:- Instead of making strands of desired shapes we can make small blocks at molecular level and then assemble them with the help of hydrogen bonds and cross linking. Solid built in machine phase/ Mechanosynthesis:- In this type of process all the reaction procedures are taking in controls by physical or mechanical procedures. Mechanosynthesis can reduce the rate of unwanted side reactions by preventing the reactants from contacting each other in ways that would allow those reactions to happen. This allows a particular deposition site to be selected from among many chemically similar sites. Engineered heterogeneous products can be built by mechanosynthesis that would be nearly impossible to build by self-assembly or common solution chemistry. Some applications:- Electron microscopes Electron microscopes can image with near-atomic resolution. They can be used to cut carbon nanotubes, even to trim outer tubes from multiwalled tubes14. They can also deposit a variety of materials from gas feedstock (electron beam induced deposition, EBID). These deposits have a feature size as small as 10 nm and can form threedimensional structures.15 Sub-wavelength imaging FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer, which is very sensitive to nanoscale distance) can be used to determine relative positions16. NanoSight has developed an imaging system that can be placed in an existing optical microscope and image 20 nm particles17. AngstroVision has claimed to be developing 3D nm-scale imaging using visible light.18 A paper at NASATech claims that imaging below the diffraction limit should be possible with incoherent light.19 Ion etching Ion etching systems can achieve single-atom accuracy and can use tiltable workpieces.20 This may enable production of freestanding (undercut) kinematic structures from high performance materials that might be useful for research into nanoscale machinery or even as nanoscale molecular manufacturing systems. 14 berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2000/07/27_nano.html 15 nims.go.jp/hvems/nano_char/facilities/facility6/NanofabSEM_e.html 16 iscid.org/encyclopedia/Fluorescense_Resonance_Energy_Transfer 17 nanosight.ukideas.com/ 18 parc.com/cms/get_article.php?id=223 19 â€Å"Parallel-Beam Interferometry With Incoherent Light† nasatech.com/Briefs/Sept00/NPO20687.html 20 Personal communication, Sakhrat Khizroev, December 2004 Conclusion:- Various technologies develop so far and being developed promote the idea that the idea of nano scaling the production line would lead to higher , faster precise and more cheaper rate of production. This pare presents the basic types of techniques laid down by the various research groups. Another aspect of the these nanofactories can be that their development in higher respect can lead to creation of self developing hardware that can be smart and can use there own technology to develop them self’s and creating some product which is more efficient than the previous one. References:- Developing Molecular Manufacturing Chris Phoenix, Director of Research, Center for Responsible Nanotechnology Molecular Manufacturing: What, Why and How Chris Phoenix, Director of Research, Center for Responsible Nanotechnology www.Wikipedia.org Research Papers on NANOTECHNOLOGY ( Molecular or NANO- Manufacturing)Bionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalResearch Process Part OneInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesOpen Architechture a white paperThe Project Managment Office SystemMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductDefinition of Export QuotasPETSTEL analysis of India

Definition and Examples of Academic Prose Styles

Definition and Examples of Academic Prose Styles Academese is an informal, pejorative term for the specialized language (or jargon) used in some scholarly writing and speech. Bryan Garner notes that academese is characteristic of academicians who are writing for a highly specialized but limited audience, or who have a limited grasp of how to make their arguments clearly and succinctly (Garners Modern American Usage, 2016). The Tameri Guide for Writers  defines academese as an artificial form of communication commonly used in institutes of higher education designed to make small, irrelevant ideas appear important and original. Proficiency in academese is achieved when you begin inventing your own words and no one can understand what you are writing. Examples and Observations Dale was not a good writer. Trust me on this. . . . [I]n training to be an academic, Dale was crippled by the need to write in academese. It is not a language formed by any human tongue, and few, if any, academics survive the degradation of it to move on to actual prose.(Dan Simmons, A Winter Haunting. William Morrow, 2002)There is original thought here, but the reader is immediately confronted by the language academics apparently use to communicate with one another. Sometimes it reads like a translation from the German, at others that they are merely trying to impress or indulging in a verbal cutting contest. Here are a few of the words you should be prepared to encounter: hermeneutics, commodified, contextualizing, conceptualize, hyperanimacy, taxonomic, metacritical, rhizome, perspectivizing, nomadology, indexical, polysemy, auratic, reification, metonymic, synecdoche, biodegradability, interstitial, valorize, diegetic, allegoresis, grammatology, oracy, centripetality, and esempla stic.(Stanley Dance in a review of two anthologies of jazz studies; quoted by George E. Lewis in A Power Stronger Than Itself. University of Chicago Press, 2008) Vernacular Equivalents to Academese[E]ffective academic writing tends to be bilingual (or diglossial), making its point in Academese and then making it again in the vernacular, a repetition that, interestingly, alters the meaning. Here is an example of such bilingualism from a review of a book on evolutionary biology by a professor of ecology and evolution, Jerry A. Coyne. Coyne is explaining the theory that males are biologically wired to compete for females. Coyne makes his point both in Academese, which I italicize, and in the vernacular, staging a dialogue in the text between the writers (and the readers) academic self and his lay self: It is this internecine male competitiveness that is assumed to have driven not only the evolution of increased male body size (on average, bigger is better in a physical contest), but also of hormonally mediated male aggression (there is no use being the biggest guy on the block if you are a wallflower). It is this type of bridge discourse that en ables nonspecialists and students to cross from their lay discourse to academic discourse and back. . . .In providing a vernacular equivalent of their Academese, writers like Coyne install a self-checking device that forces them to make sure they are actually saying something. When we recast our point in vernacular terms, we do not simply throw out a sop to the nonspecialist reader, much less dumb ourselves down. Rather we let our point speak itself better than it knows, to come out of the closet in the voice of the skeptical reader.(Gerald Graff, Clueless in Academe: How Schooling Obscures the Life of the Mind. Yale University Press, 2003) If you cannot write about it so that anyone who buys the paper has a reasonable chance of understanding it, you dont understand it yourself.(Robert Zonka, quoted by Roger Ebert in Awake in the Dark. University of Chicago Press, 2006)Varieties of AcademeseCritics outside the academy tend to assume that academese is one thing, public discourse another. But in fact there are major differences of standards ranging from field to field: what constitutes evidence or valid argument, what questions are worth asking, what choices of style will work or even be understood, which authorities can be trusted, how much eloquence is permitted.(Wayne C. Booth, The Rhetoric of Rhetoric: The Quest for Effective Communication. Blackwell, 2004)Lionel Trilling on the Language of Non-ThoughtA specter haunts our cultureit is that people will eventually be unable to say, They fell in love and married, let alone understand the language of Romeo and Juliet, but will as a matter of course say Their libidinal imp ulses being reciprocal, they activated their individual erotic drives and integrated them within the same frame of reference.Now this is not the language of abstract thought or of any kind of thought. It is the language of non-thought. . . . There can be no doubt whatever that it constitutes a threat to the emotions and thus to life itself.(Lionel Trilling, The Meaning of a Literary Idea. The Liberal Imagination: Essays on Literature and Society, 1950) Passive Voice in AcademeseIf your style has been corrupted by long exposure to academese or business English, you may need to worry about the passive. Make sure it hasnt seeded itself where it doesnt belong. If it has, root it out as needed. Where it does belong, I think we ought to use it freely. It is one of the lovely versatilities of the verb.(Ursula K. Le Guin, Steering the Craft. Eighth Mountain Press, 1998) Pronunciation: a-KAD-a-MEEZ Also see: Academic WritingBafflegabGobbledygookLanguage at  -ese: Academese, Legalese, and Other Species of GobbledygookRegisterStyleUnder the Flapdoodle Tree: Doublespeak, Soft Language, and GobbledygookVerbiageVerbosity

Has Kuwait Prospered with Western Relations Essay

Has Kuwait Prospered with Western Relations - Essay Example Surrounded by warring neighbors Kuwait is well noted for its wealth and stability (Crystal). Long time a bulwark for the West and the United States against many of the more radical regimes of the day, the United States had very close ties both politically and economically with the affluent rulers in Kuwait (Sharp). It was by using these relations to first put themselves into a position of prosperity, then reclaim their nation from Iraq, followed by the remarkable accomplishment of not only rebuilding but improving their position in the world society, that Kuwait managed to remain intact. Working with the vast resources of the West, the clever rulers of Kuwait have turned tragedy into fortune. By first examining the state of the Kuwaiti – United States/Western relations before the Gulf War and then researching the effects that the war itself had on the country, followed by the method that the Kuwaitis have used these results to its advantage to recover, we will answer the question: Is Kuwait better off because of Western Relations? This paper will seek to prove if indeed sometimes war can be good for a country and that if in the long term, security and economic concerns, for both countries, were and continue to be to this day, the driving factor behind the United States – Kuwaiti relations. ... , security and economic concerns, for both countries, were and continue to be to this day, the driving factor behind the United States – Kuwaiti relations. The country of Kuwait Kuwait, in a region prone to chaos and unrest is a remarkable example of exactly the opposite. Founded in the eighteenth century, with aid from the British, Kuwait has been ruled continuously by one family, the Sabah clan (Crystal). This style of government has produced a positive and growing economy which easily transitioned to the oil industry with the discovery of large reserves within the country’s borders Continuing after the death of ruler Mubarak the Great, the Sabah family has accomplished a rare feat in holding power and satisfying their population. This has been made substantially easier by the amount of foreign interest money that is consistently pumped in their economy (Bennet). United States foreign policy has long focused on offering assistance and influence in the Middle East in a reas that would help produce stability for the United States National Interests (Sharp). Long a top priority, the oil Fields of Kuwait were among the first assets protected by the United States under their defense agreement with the Sabah rulers. Although terrorism in the Kuwaiti area has remained low, the continued threat made by various terrorist organizations, both in the past and today made it imperative that workable defense treaties exist. By allowing other countries to provide a major portion of the defensive forces in the country, Kuwait was able to focus their wealth and influence on other issues. It was the aggression of Saddam and Iraq that tipped the balance of power in the region to one that required a response by the western powers (Hassan). The actions caused by the overreaching

History of Black and Indian relations among the Florida Seminoles Essay

History of Black and Indian relations among the Florida Seminoles - Essay Example As early as 1689, Africans fled from British-American colonies to the Spanish controlled Florida in search of freedom. A new influx of these freedom-seeking blacks reached Florida during the American Revolution. During this Revolution, the American slaves agreed to fight for the British in exchange for liberty. They built settlements near the Seminoles as both had a common interest to escape slavery. They built separate villages of thatched-roof houses surrounded by fields of corn and swamp rice, and they maintained friendly relations with the mixed population of refugee Indians (Joseph A Opala). The Seminoles Indians also allied with the British for this fight. This brought the two – the Africans and the Indian Seminoles - into increased contact with each other. Members of both the communities sided with the British during the War of 1812. This helped them to solidify their ties. Gradually the two groups came to view themselves as part of the same organized tribe. Their relat ions solidified to such an extent that the US Government could not break them apart. Intermarriages and friendships were common. They became such close allies that they came to be known as the Black Seminoles. At this point when the Africans and the Indian Seminoles first came into contact, the Seminoles were themselves recent immigrants to Florida. The Africans adopted their clothing and the Indians acquired taste for rice and appreciation for their music and folklore. At that time, they were known as Gullahs.

The origins of representative democracy Essay Example for Free

The origins of representative democracy Essay Who benefited from the Magna Carta? The English NobilityThe English nobility gained the most benefits from the Magna Carta, which established limitations on the power of the king. Which of the following was guaranteed in the English Bill of Rights? Freedom from taxation without representation. Whose ideas about government greatly influenced the men who drafted the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution? John Locke The writings of John Locke, a British philosopher of the Enlightenment period, had a profound influence on the Founding Fathers. What was the colonists’ primary complaint about the rule of the British Crown? The American colonists’ primary complaint was that they were subject to heavy taxes from the British Crown. Which of the following was a component of the Coercive Acts? Establishment of martial law, the requirement for the colonists to quarter British soldiers, the closure of the port of Boston, and the dissolution of the Massachusetts legislature were all components of the Coercive Acts. Which event directly resulted from the Coercive Acts? the First Continental Congress directly resulted from the Coercive Acts. Which section of the Declaration of Independence contains arguments on the right to revolution? Arguments on the right to revolution, based on the philosophy of John Locke, are found in the second section of the Declaration of Independence. Who was given the primary responsibility for drafting the Declaration of Independence? Thomas Jefferson was given the primary responsibility for drafting the Declaration of Independence. What were the main ideas expressed in the Declaration of Independence? The main ideas expressed in the Declaration of Independence were individual rights and liberties and the duty of the government to protect them. The Articles of Confederation specified that the United States would be which form of government? The Articles of Confederation specified that the United States would be a republic. What concerned the Founders in drafting the Articles of Confederation? Mob rule, arbitrary monarchical power, large territory size, and the ability of the people to check government power were all taken into account by the Founders when they drafted the Articles of Confederation. Which of the following was NOT a component of the Articles of Confederation? A bicameral legislature was not a component of the Articles of Confederation (Congress had a single chamber). What led the Founders to realize that the Articles of Confederation needed to be reconfigured? Crises like Shays Rebellion, the inability of the national government to control financial concerns and raise taxes, the disproportionate power held by the states, and the vulnerability of the new nation due to the lack of an executive all contributed to the movement to reconfigure the Articles of Confederation. As the Constitution was being drafted, who was most in support of equal representation in the national legislature? Small states such as Rhode Island most strongly supported equal representation in the legislature. Which of the following plans for representation was incorporated into the Connecticut Compromise? The Connecticut Compromise incorporated a plan calling for each state to be proportionally represented in one house of a bicameral legislature (the House of Representatives). What was Shays Rebellion? Farmers in western Massachusetts, angry that their lands were being foreclosed upon for debts, shut down the courts and stormed an arsenal. The Constitution was ratified in the year? The Constitution was ratified in 1788. The Bill of Rights was ratified in the year?1791 How many terms did George Washington serve as president before leaving office? George Washington served two terms. Marbury v. Madison confirmed the Supreme Courts power to declare laws passed by Congress unconstitutional. What did the case involve? Marbury v. Madison concerned a dispute over William Marburys appointment to a government post. Debates at the Constitutional Convention surrounding the executive branch included which of the following? Debates surrounding the executive branch included both how many executives should serve and how to elect the executive. The Constitution differed from the Articles of Confederation in that itThe Constitution differed from the Articles of Confederation in that it gave Congress the power to establish a national court system. What did it take for Virginia and New York to finally agree to ratify the Constitution? New York and Virginia agreed to ratify the Constitution only after the Federalists promised to include amendments clarifying the limits on government power (the Bill of Rights). Chapter 1. The Founding Constitution Study Questions: Key Terms: Great Compromise (or Connecticut Compromise) The Great Compromise was an agreement made among the delegates to the Constitutional Convention that the American government would have two houses in Congress: the Senate where each state has two Senators, and the House of Representatives where each state has a number of Representatives based on population. The Great Compromise ended one of the most serious disagreements among the new states. Small states felt that all states were equal in stature and that if Congressional representation were based upon population, they would be outvoted on everything. Large states felt that populations should determine how many representatives a state should have, because they were afraid that they would be outvoted by the small states. This disagreement was preventing the Constitution from being adopted. In order to move forward on the Constitution, the states compromised and made Congress as a bicameral legislative body. Without the Great Compromise, there might not be the Constitution or US Government as we know it today. Background: Two plans were put forth during the Constitutional Convention to create the new branches of government. The Virginia Plan wanted a strong national government with three branches. The legislature would have two houses. One would be directly elected by the people and the second would selected by the first house from people nominated by the state legislatures. Further, the president and national judiciary would be chosen by the national legislature. On the other hand, the New Jersey Plan wanted a more decentralized plan amending the old Articles yet allowing for a somewhat stronger government. Each state would have one vote in Congress. The Great Compromise combined these two plans creating our current legislature with two houses, one based on population and elected by the people and the other house allowing two senators per state being appointed by state legislatures. (Direct election of Senators began after the 17th amendment was ratified in 1913.) Bicameralism a legislative body having two branches, houses, or chambers 3/5ths Compromise Three-Fifths Compromise: slaves would not be counted as whole persons for the purposes of representation, but they would not be excluded from the population count either. Instead, a slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person. In this way, large Southern slave states would not be overly advantaged in representation in the lower house of Congress, but they would be recognized for their population size. However, besides allowing greater representation for states with large slave populations, the Constitution did not address the institution of slavery in any other way. It would take 80 years and the bloody Civil War for the nation to fully eradicate slavery and recognize African Americans as free persons with rights to citizenship. Even then, it would be another century before African Americans in the South would enjoy equal access to voting and be allowed to serve as members of a jury. Separation of Powers Separation of powers, therefore, refers to the division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another. The intent is to prevent the concentration of power and provide for checks and balances. The traditional characterizations of the powers of the branches of American government are: * The legislative branch is responsible for enacting the laws of the state and appropriating the money necessary to operate the government. * The executive branch is responsible for implementing and administering the public policy enacted and funded by the legislative branch. * The judicial branch is responsible for interpreting the constitution and laws and applying their interpretations to controversies brought before it. Forty state constitutions specify that government be divided into three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. California illustrates this approach; The powers of state government are legislative, executive, and judicial. Persons charged with the exercise of one power may not exercise either of the others except as permitted by this Constitution. While separation of powers is key to the workings of American government, no democratic system exists with an absolute separation of powers or an absolute lack of separation of powers. Governmental powers and responsibilities intentionally overlap; they are too complex and interrelated to be neatly compartmentalized. As a result, there is an inherent measure of competition and conflict among the branches of government. Throughout American history, there also has been an ebb and flow of preeminence among the governmental branches. Such experiences suggest that where power resides is part of an evolutionary process. This Web page provides resources for legislators and staff to use in addressing separation of powers issues. It organizes them into broad categories and links to a diverse set of resources to illustrate how the doctrine applies to specific issues under each category. The resources include law review articles, court cases and legislative reports.

Robert Frosts Poems Essays -- essays research papers

Robert Frost's Poems Robert frost has many themes in his poetry. One of the main themes that is always repeated, is nature. He always discusses how beautiful nature is or how distructive it can be. Frost always discusses nature in his poems. First, in the poem "Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening" there is a lot of nature expresses. Frost's very first sentence already talks about the woods. whose woods these are I think I know (Ln 1, 1105). Also, in the poem he states that the narrator likes to sit and watch the snow. He is also a nature lover. In the second stanza Frost refers back to the woods. He must also like ice, because he brings ice and cold up a lot in his poems. Once again Frost brings ice up when he mentions flake and cold wind. Then in the last stanza F...

Terms Comparison Paper Hcs 552

Terms Comparison Paper HCS/552 February 4, 2013 John J. Schibler Terms Comparison Paper Health care economics involves making plenty of choices. Individuals, groups, businesses, and organizations choose how to use resources . Economics and health care are linked, because health care professionals apply economics in their everyday professional activities. They are able to do this through resource allocation. Any health care organization has to plan out how they will use their resources to their advantage. Health care economics are able to incorporate terms like cost, quality, and resources.In this paper, I will compare these terms as they relate to health care economics. In this paper, I will also explain how they differ from one another. Resources are considered to be any physical thing or virtual element that has limited availability. A resource can also be anything that is used to help people earn a living. There are different types of resources such as human resources, and natural resources. In economics, human resources refer t human capital or employees in an organization (Getzen, 2007).Many times resources are considered to be a means of factors of production. When health care organization is in production of something, natural resources are being used. Resources are usually limited, and most organizations have to look for ways of allocating resources that they need. Resources in health care means that all materials and funds are used to provide health care for people. The term â€Å"resource† has similar meaning in health care and economics. When used in health care, it means that all materials and funds are used to provide health care.When referring to the economic portion of health care, resource means that they are the personnel, the funds, facilities, or any material used in production. Another similarity is that resources are limited and they have value. For example, funds, as well as personnel are limited, and they may hinder delivery of hea lth care services and productivity. Most people prefer to have quality health care. Quality may also have many different meanings. Quality in health care economics means the superiority of something. This can also mean the best of something.Quality in health care can be determined by determining if the health care is a great fit for the person. Quality of health care can be considered as the right treatment for the right illness, and also delivering health care at the right time. Quality in health care economics means to give the best health care possible. Getzen (2007), states that medicine often involves life and death situations (p. 12). In these situations, quality is crucial and quantity is irrelevant (Getzen, 2007). Quality cannot simply be added up or multiplied to arrive at a total spending limit.In medical care, getting more ounces or pounds or boxes or whatever is usually not very important, but getting higher quality is. When referring to health care economics, â€Å"cos t† refers to the funds that are used to deliver health care to patients. Cost can also mean the amount of funds used to access health care or to deliver health care (Getzen, 2007). It is applied in many different ways such as, health care professionals applying economic principles like cost benefit analysis, or cost effect analysis to determine if the choice is good or bad.The principles help the government to provide the best intervention in health care (Getzen, 2007). In conclusion, all the terms are interlinked when discussing health care economics. This is so and will always be so, because health care professionals always apply economic principles in health care. All of these terms help when deciding how to make and provide the correct interventions when making difficult decisions. When referring to resources, it has the same meaning when dealing with health care as well as economics alone.It means, materials, funds, employees and the facilities used in achieving goals set by the health care organization. While the term cost means something differently when separating health care and economics it all ties in when they are applied together in an organization. Cost means the funds used to deliver health care or when a patient is trying to access health care. Costs can also be rejected when making decisions about health care. Quality means to give the best possible when delivering care to a patient as well as when making decisions about a health care organization.All of these terms are the same in making health care economical decisions. We depend on all the terms in this paper when trying to make an ethical decision as it relates to health care and health care organizations. The essence of health care economics is simply trade or making a buck (Getzen, 2007). Its focal point will always be the market and the place where buyers and sellers exchange dollars for goods and services (Getzen, 2007). References Getzen, T. E. (2007). Health, economics, and fin ancing (3rd ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons. http://www. healthcarefinance. org/HEtext_files/chap01. pdf

Negotiation Report Pakistani Prunes Essay

The case is about a negotiation with a competitor to buy Pakistani prunes in order to use them to save lives. In fact, being a world leader of genetic engineering processes, I need Pakistani prunes to work on people. However, my direct competitor needs Pakistani prunes too and we have to find a deal before the day after. The outcome has been buying fifty-fifty in the short term. In fact, we agreed to share the limited resources on the short term, and then find another agreement 5 years after because each 5 years there are lots of changes thanks to progress of researches etc. we decided during the auction to offer 2 millions as our first offer, and to make our maximum as 4 millions. I thought that it was a good deal because we could each save lots of lives and keep a good reputation. However, Dr Sanchez and I said me how much we were able to spend, and at this moment I should have realise that I had much more power than Dr Sanchez and that maybe I would be able to buy a little more prunes than him in order to have an advantage. This outcome is finally not as satisfactory as it could be because I knew that I had much more money to spend and I could be able to be much more effective. However, in this situation that was an integrative negotiation situation, the best thing could be to cooperate in order t o both win at the end. So the outcome is satisfactory even if it could be better for me if I decided to compete and take all the prunes but that was not fair in my opinion because we were defending the same cause. We first discussed about the cause we were defending, about why do we need the fruit, what we are doing with. We discussed about the fact that we both need prunes to save lives so we play on emotions of the other party. Then, I said that maybe it could be a good idea to share in order to keep our good reputation and that we are complementary organization and for that reason maybe it could be better to both continue our activities than to compete and fail to save some lives. Then, before finding an agreement to how much we will each buy, Dr Sanchez told me how much he was able to spend on the prunes. At this time, he asked me to do fifty-fifty, I agreed on that statement because I thought that he will spend all his money and I will save some if I need it in the future. The other issue was to agree on a short term and a long-term agreement because thanks to researches and progress, things are changing each five years. So we agreed on a fifty-fifty share in the sort term but we also sig ned to review our agreement in few years, depending on the progress and changes. My strategy was firstly to try to know more about the other party’s ambitions, goals, strategy etc. Dr Sanchez told me a lot about what he wanted to do with prunes, how much he wanted to spend, what he wanted in the short term and long-term since the beginning of the discussion so I decided to trust what he said to me, even if I was maybe wrong doing that, I had the feeling that he was trustful, he was open to me and didn’t seem to lie. His strategy was to expose the all situation in order to obtain the maximum he could have from me. I think he knew that he had a really limited budget and that the best thing would be to cooperate and not to compete. The critical moments has been firstly the moment when he told how much he had to spend on it because he gave me an important information, the second one has been when I learnt about his goals because I could analyse the long-term and short-term strategies we had to use and I was able to identify that we had the same goals, we were acting for the same cause and we had positive feelings so this situation could be an integrative situation so a â€Å"win-win† situation, and the last one has been the agreements we agreed on. This case was very interesting and has been very important for me because I did some mistakes but thanks to thank I learnt a lot about negotiation and integrative negotiation situation. The first mistake has been when we identified the interests. In fact, I didn’t realise that we were not interested in the same part of the prune, if I realised that, we would be able to maximize our profits. So we fail in identifying our interests. However, the good thing is that we had the same goal (save lives), and we were trustful in each other. Since the beginning we had positive feelings towards each other so each of us told the trust and we wanted to share, cooperate and help each other because we directly saw that cooperate will be better than compete if we wanted to act together for the same and good cause. In my opinion, the best skill I applied during this case was to identify the positive feelings there were between us, and the emotions we exchanged about the causes we defended. However, I have to be careful about feelings and truth because maybe, the other party could be much more dishonest and I could loose everything. The most important thing I learnt is that cooperating could be a very good deal in this kind of cases when it concern health, people’s safety etc. because we can do much more positive things when we are two than when we are alone. However, I have to keep in mind, even if I did well by sharing and cooperating, that we failed by identifying that we didn’t need the same part of the fruit, and that is a shame because we will be able to save half of the lives we could be able to do!!

Bush Summary essays

Bush Summary essays In Bush Redux appearing in the January 22, 2001 issue of U.S. News and World Report, journalist Kenneth T Walsh points out the differences and similarities between George W. Bush and his father. Now that hes on the verge of power-in effect, taking over where his father left off- the big questions are how his leader ship will compare with his namesakes and how much the second Bush Presidency will amount to a restoration of the first. Both father and son are deeply committed to public service as a noble calling. The younger Bush recognized this mission much later in life than his father, but both share the conservative belief that governments role should be minimized in society. Both also insist on loyalty, good management, and good manners from those around them. There is no better evidence of the younger Bushs respect for his fathers approach than the fact that he is reassembling many of his fathers presidential advisers in his own administration. The son is a more engaging politician than the father, building on his natural gregariousness and the backslapping skills he honed as a Texas oilman. Perhaps most important, the son emphasizes domestic issues rather than the foreign policy concerns that absorbed Bush the elder. Anyone who doubts that the new president will consult regularly with his president will consult regularly with the predecessor doesnt understand the Bush way. Staying in touch with f amily and being humble enough to ask for help when its needed is part of the code. Above all Bush wants to accomplish the five goals he set forth in running for the White House: winning approval for a big across-the-board tax cut; improving education by requiring schools to regularly test student performance and offering vouchers to let parents remove their children from failing schools; bolstering Social Security by allowing pe ...

Fainting Goat Facts

Fainting Goat Facts The fainting goat is a breed of domestic goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) that stiffens when startled. Although the goat may fall over and appear to faint, it remains fully conscious in a state of myotonia. Since it doesnt actually faint, the animal is properly known as the myotonic goat. Fainting goats have a hereditary disorder called myotonia congenita. Although the goat freezes when panicked, it suffers no harm and leads a normal, healthy life. Fast Facts: Fainting Goat Scientific Name: Capra aegagrus hircusCommon Names: Fainting goat, myotonic goat, falling goat, Tennessee goat, stiff-legged goatBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 17-25 inches tallWeight: 60-174 poundsLifespan: 15-18 yearsDiet: HerbivoreHabitat: Originally from Tennessee, USAPopulation: 10,000Conservation Status: Not Evaluated Description Fainting goats are a breed of small meat goats (heavily muscled). A typical adult ranges from 17 to 25 inches tall and weighs between 60 and 174 pounds. The breed has distinctive prominent eyes set in high sockets. While the most common fainting goat coat color is black and white, the breed occurs in most color combinations. Either long or short hair is possible, but there is no angora strain of fainting goat. Fainting goats come in a variety of colors and coat lengths. passion4nature / Getty Images Why Fainting Goats Faint All fainting goats have an inherited muscle condition called myotonia congenita or Thomsens disease. The disorder is caused by a missense mutation of the CLCN1 gene that reduces chloride ion conductance in the chloride channels of muscle fibers. When the animal is startled its muscles tense up and dont immediately relax, causing the goat to fall down. Specifically, startling the goat causes its eyes and ears to send an electrical signal to the brain initiating the fight or flight response. When the response is initiated, the brain determines whether to stay or flee and the voluntary muscles momentarily tense. In myotonic goats, the balance between positively charged sodium ions and negatively charged chloride ions is out of balance, so muscles have enough sodium to relax, but not enough chloride. It can take 5 to 20 seconds for the ion balance to resolve and the muscles to relax. The severity of the condition varies according to individual, age, water availability, and taurine supplementation. Younger goats stiffen and fall more often than older goats, in part because mature individuals have adapted to the condition and are less easily startled. Based on understanding of myotonia congenita in humans, its known that the condition is painless and has no effect on the individuals muscle tone, consciousness, or life expectancy. Young kids are more susceptible to fainting than older adults. Redleg / Wikimedia Commons Habitat and Distribution Fainting goats were brought to Marshall County, Tennessee, in the 1880s. Today, they are kept throughout the world, although they remain most numerous in the United States. Diet and Behavior Like other goats, fainting goats are herbivores that feed on vines, shrubs, trees, and some broad leaf plants. While goats taste most objects to gain information about them, they dont actually eat everything. Nightshade plants and moldy feed may be deadly to fainting goats. Like other goats, this breed is naturally inquisitive. They are intelligent and can solve simple puzzles. Goat are social animals, but they will form herds with animals of other species, such as sheep, and can form close bonds with humans. Reproduction and Offspring Goats reach sexual maturity between the ages of 3 and 15 months, ideally when they have reached 70% of their adult weight. Females (does) come into estrus every 21 days and indicate willingness to mate by vigorous tail wagging. Males (bucks) curl their upper lips (flehmen response) and urinate on their forelegs and face to increase their odor. Gestation lasts around 150 days, usually resulting in twin births. Does start milk production when they give birth or kid. Domestic goats typically live 15 to 18 years. Conservation Status Because fainting goats are domestic, the IUCN has not evaluated the breed to assign a conservation status. However, the Livestock Conservancy lists it as threatened. According to the International Fainting Goat Association, there are around 10,000 fainting goats in the world. Fainting Goats and Humans Because of their rarity, fainting goats typically arent raised for meat. The animals are usually kept as pets or show animals. Fainting goats are easier to care for than most other breeds because they are smaller, have a friendly disposition, and dont jump fences over 1.6 feet (0.5 meters) high. Sources Beck, C. L., Fahlke, C., George, A. L. Molecular basis for decreased muscle chloride conductance in the myotonic goat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93(20), 11248-11252, 1996. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.20.11248Bryant, S. H. Myotonia in the Goat. University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 1979.Conte Camerino, D.; Bryant, S.H.; Mambrini, M.; Franconi, F.; Giotti, A. The action of taurine on muscle fibers of normal and congenitally myotonic goats. Pharmacological Research. 22: 93–94, 1990. doi:10.1016/1043-6618(90)90824-wHegyeli, A., Szent-Gyorgyi, A. Water and Myotonia in Goats. Science, 133(3457), 1961. doi:10.1126/science.133.3457.1011Lorenz, Michael D.; Coates, Joan R.; Kent, Marc. Handbook of Veterinary Neurology (5th ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier/Saunders, 2011. ISBN 978-1-4377-0651-2.

Btranding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Btranding - Essay Example An organization attracts and maintains a base of loyal customers by promoting their prestige, image, value and lifestyle through the efforts of branding. A number of studies have shown that proper branding leads to higher sales of the products and other services associated with the brand (Hill, 2008). For example, if a customer likes Dairy Milk, a brand of Cadbury, he or she is more likely to taste Bourneville as well. A good brand has the ability to deliver the messages of the company to its target audiences, influence and motivate the buyers, confirms the credibility of the firm and emotionally connects with the target population. However, to achieve success by means of proper branding practices, it needs to understand the needs and wants of the customers (Clarke, 2001). It is often argued that a brand resides in the mind and the heart of a consumer and positively influences customer purchase behaviour, but few academicians disagree to this fact and deem that a brand image can infl uence the purchase negatively as well (Knox and Denison, 2000). This report seeks to analyse the opportunities for development of a particular brand. However, prior to the identification of the opportunities of the brand, the study will review and identify the weak points and challenges of the brand. On the basis of the findings and analysis, the study will elucidate the required changes in the brand and rebranding will serve the purpose of the company. The brand chosen for this purpose is Benefit cosmetics. A brief synopsis of the brand is presented below in order to help the reader understand the same. Benefit Cosmetics: A Brief Synopsis Benefit Cosmetics is a brand named after its company, Benefit Cosmetics LLC. The company is presently headquartered in San Francisco, California and was founded in the year 1976 (Benefit Cosmetics, 2013). The company specializes in offering beauty solution to the customers across several parts of the world. One of the key selling points of the com pany is their creative and vibrant packaging. Presently, the company operates in 35 countries and has successfully delivered the required services to the customers. Studies have shown that the brand has been performing well since the last few years and their financial situation reflects the same. One of the essential characteristics of the products of Benefit is that they are manufactured with natural ingredients and as a result of that, the products hardly have any negative skin effects. According to the experts of this industry, it is the quality of Benefit and instant solution capability that has made the brand a household name and a ‘must-have’ beauty product across the consumers of the world. Brand Analysis In this section, analysis of the brand, Benefit Cosmetics, will be carried out in order to identify the possible challenges and weaker areas of the brand (Kautish, 2011). In addition with this analysis, the study also seeks to underpin the opportunities of the b rand. The brand will be analysed by considering certain parameters and factors that lead to higher brand value. Furthermore, brand analysis also has the ability to pin down the current state of a brand. This will help in satisfying both the aforementioned intentions. The factors to be considered in this context are emotional value, brand awareness, brand image, purchase intention, brand loyalty and perceived

Bilingual Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Bilingual Education - Essay Example Learning a second language was crucial due to the need to grow my social network and interact with people from different cultures. It was quite embarrassing to study overseas and require someone to always translate what other people were saying and I had to take the initiative of undertaking bilingual education. According to Krashen, there are two ways of getting to know the second language – by acquisition and by learning. I had to go through the two processes, acquiring the language skills by interacting with natives and by taking up classes to grow my vocabulary knowledge (Krashen, 1992). Similar to Krashen’s view, it is difficult to monitor the language in which one communicates in. Writing it down makes it easier to analyze. When one speaks, they tend to modify the rules of the language, and at times are grammatically wrong and this can only be noticed in a written composition. This was seen in the way I would pass written language examinations and still find it difficult to communicate fluently by word of mouth. Krashen’s input hypothesis takes note of the importance of exposure and explains the fact that one acquires a language by being exposed to comprehensible input of it, be it written or spoken. This view can be supported by the fact that one tends to learn a language by living with people who speak it correctly and the learner requires no effort from their side, just the exposure. If the language as used by its speakers is not rendered in a logical and understandable manner, the learner will have a hard time acquiring it (Krashen,1992). Before embarking on bilingual education, one has to start by being ready to learn, being motivated and believing that they can learn the language and use it like its native speakers. Similarly, Krashen brings out the affective filter hypothesis which looks at acquiring a language through comprehensible input, which must reach the brain without undergoing